The American Civil War in the middle of the 19th century and the reconstruction policy to heal its wounds occurred less than 100 years after the founding of the United States. It occurred at a time when the relationship between the state and the state as well as the President as commander-in-chief and Congress, which had the power to declare war and was responsible for supporting the federal army, was not clearly established. Therefore, based on the ambiguity of the constitutional level, mutual interests collided, resulting in confusion in reconstruction policies and political struggles after the Civil War. The implications of Korea's unification legislation through the US Civil War and reconstruction policies and their confusion are as follows.
In the process of unification, it is necessary to check the mechanisms that can prevent corruption of the administration, which has discretionary power, and ensure transparency and appropriateness of projects that receive large-scale public funds. There is a need to organize and arrange examples of decisions that are outside the limits and limits allowed in the constitutional order, and there is a need to prepare and test a device for continuation of the people's unity and determination in the unification process. From the point of view of popular sovereignty, major decisions in the unification process must be submitted to a referendum to confirm the will of the people, but parliamentary democracy needs to be supplemented in that unification may come more suddenly than expected.
It is difficult to expect the current referendum law to serve as a guideline for resolving political confusion or disagreement that may arise during the unification process. If it is difficult to amend the Constitution, it will be necessary to try to elaborate on the important policies stipulated in Article 72 of the Constitution in the Referendum Act or prepare a chapter related to unification to prepare for the unification process. By amending the Constitution and the Martial Law in a way that does not provoke North Korea, the division of emergency and security martial arts has been diversified into one form of protection or security or reconstruction martial law for special situations for support and protection in the process of unification. You may also consider reorganizing the chapter. The 「Act on the Protection and Support of North Korean Residents」 could be enacted, but it is also necessary to check whether the current law can be applied by analogy, and whether it can be used in an emergency by entrusting it with a presidential decree or by adding provisions to the current law. do. It may be possible to consider a bill focusing on the principles and standards of participation of private organizations, neutral and independent inspection by a third party on the implementation project, and evaluation and re-support of the support project. In addition to cooperation in dialogue and exchanges before unification, the distinction, cooperation, and role allocation of the competent authorities in each unification scenario should be checked.

19세기 중반기 진행된 미국의 남북전쟁과 그 상처를 치유하기 위한 재건정책은 미국이 건국되고 채 100년이 되지 않은 시점에 발생한 것이며, 미국이 서부확장을 통한 영토확대를 시작하기 일어난 사건들이어서 연방정부와 주정부의 관계뿐만 아니라 군통수권자로서의 대통령과 전쟁선포권을 가지고 연방군대를 지원할 책임을 지는 의회의 관계가 분명히 설정되지 않은 시점에 발생하였다. 그러기에 헌법차원의 모호성을 기반하여 서로의 이해관계가 충돌되면서 남북전쟁후 재건정책의 혼선이 발생하고 정치투쟁이 발생하기도 하였다. 미국의 남북전쟁과 재건정책과 그 혼선을 통해서 살펴본 우리나라 통일법제에 대한 시사점은 아래와 같다.
통일과정에서 재량권을 가지는 행정부의 부패를 예방하고 대규모 공적자금이 투여되는 사업의 투명성과 적정성을 보장할 수 있는 장치를 점검할 필요가 있으며 통일과정에서 대한민국이 포기할 수 없는 가치와 국민의 이해관계를 정리하고 헌법질서속에서 허용되는 한계와 한계를 벗어나는 결정들의 예들을 정리할 필요가 존재하고, 통일과정에서 국민의 화합과 결단의 지속을 위한 장치를 준비하고 실험할 필요가 존재한다. 국민주권적 측면에서 보면, 통일과정에서 주요한 결정은 국민투표에 반드시 붙여서 국민의 의사를 확인할 필요가 있으나, 통일이 예상보다 더 갑자기 찾아 올 수도 있다는 점에서 의회민주주의의 보충이 필요하다.
현행 국민투표법은 통일과정에서 발생될 수 있는 정치적 혼란이나 의견대립에 대한 해결지침의 역할은 기대하기 어렵다. 헌법개정이 어렵다면 국민투표법에서 헌법 제72조가 규정한 중요정책에 대한 상세화를 시도하거나 통일 관련한 장을 마련하여 통일과정을 대비하는 것도 필요할 것이다. 북한을 자극하지 않는 차원에서 헌법과 계엄법을 개정하면서 비상계엄과 경비계엄의 구분을 다변화하여, 통일과정에서 지원과 보호를 위한 특수한 상황을 위한 보호계엄 또는 보장계엄 내지 재건계엄등의 형태로 하나의 장을 새롭게 구성하는 방안도 고려해 볼 수 있을 것이다. 「북한주민의 보호 및 지원에 관한 법률」을 제정할 수도 있지만 현행 법률의 유추적용가능성에 대한 점검과 현행법률의 조문추가를 통한 긴급적용이나 대통령령으로 위임하여 긴급시 활용할 수 있는지에 대한 점검도 필요하다. 민간단체의 참여의 원칙과 기준 그리고 시행사업에 대한 제3의 기관의 중립적 독립적 점검과 지원사업의 평가와 재지원등을 골자로 하는 법안을 고려할 수 있을 것이다. 통일이전의 대화나 교류의 협력뿐만 아니라 통일시나리오별 주무관청의 구별과 협력과 역할배분이 점검되어야 할 것이며, 정부조직법상 갑자기 찾아올 수도 있는 평화통일에 대비하는 임시적 조치의 근거조문을 마련하는 것도 검토할 수 있을 것이다.

1 앨런 브링클리, "있는 그대로의 미국사2" humanist 2005

2 양재열, "에이브러햄 링컨(Abraham Lincoln) 대통령과 공화당 급진파 연방의원과의 갈등: 미국 남북전쟁 시기를 중심으로" 한국미국사학회 32 : 79-111, 2010

3 강준만, "미국사 산책 남북전쟁과 제국의 탄생" 인물과 사상사 2015

4 앙드레 모루아, "미국사" 김영사 2015

5 김원모, "미국 재건기에 있어서의 해방흑인국 (解放黑人局) 설치법안" 단국사학회 18 : 1984

6 전훈, "남북평화공존과 협력체제 형성에 관한 중장기 법제연구" 한국법제연구원 2021

7 Hunter, Tera W., "To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War" Harvard University Press 1997

8 Goldin, Claudia D., "The economic cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and implications" 35 (35): 1975

9 Tyack, David, "The constitutional moment: Reconstruction and Black education in the South" 94 (94): 1986

10 STEVEN G. CALABRESI, "The Unitary Executive During the Second Half-Century" 26 : 667-,

11 Valelly, Richard M., "The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement" University of Chicago Press 2004

12 Rhonda V. Magee Andrews, "The Third Reconstruction: An Alternative to Race Consciousness and Colorblindness in Post-Slavery America" 54 : 483-, 2003

13 Simon, John Y., "The Presidents: A Reference History" 2002

14 Kahan, Paul, "The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant: Preserving the Civil War's Legacy" Westholme Publishing, LLC 2018

15 Russ, William A., Jr., "The Negro and White Disfranchisement During Radical Reconstruction" 19 (19): 1934

16 Brands, H. W., "The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace" 2012

17 Bryan H. Wildenthal, "The Lost Compromise: Reassessing the Early Understanding in Court and Congress on Incorporation of the Bill of Rights in the Fourteenth Amendment" 61 : 1051-, 2000

18 Wagner, "The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference" Simon & Schuster 2009

19 Darrow, William B., "The Killing of Congressman James Hinds" Arkansas Historical Association 74 (74): 2015

20 Glenn Feldman, "The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama" University of Georgia Press 2010

21 David P. Currie, "The Civil War Congress" 73 : 1131-,

22 Cooper, William J., "The American South: A History" Rowman & Little fieId 2009

23 Severance, Ben H., "Tennessee's Radical Army: The State Guard and Its Role in Reconstruction" Univ Tennessee Press 2005

24 Bill Quigley, "THE CONTINUING SIGNIFICANCE OF RACE: OFFICIAL LEGISLATIVE RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN LOUISIANA 1861 TO 1974" 47 : 1-, 2019

25 Downs, Jim, "Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction" oxford university press 2012

26 Trelease, Allen W., "Republican Reconstruction in North Carolina: A Roll-call Analysis of the State House of Representatives, 1866–1870" 42 (42): 1976

27 Lemann, Nicholas, "Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War" FSG Adult 2007

28 Foner, Eric, "Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877" Harper & Row 1988

29 William A. Dunning, "Reconstruction, Political and Economy: Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction and Related Topics" Forgotten Books 2018

30 Daniel Farbman, "Reconstructing Local Government" 70 : 413-, 2017

31 Summers, Mark Wahlgren, "Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid Under the Radical Republicans, 1865–1877" Princeton University Press 2014

32 Blight, David W., "Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory" Belknap Press 2001

33 CHARLIE MARTEL, "RACISM AND BIGOTRY AS GROUNDS FOR IMPEACHMENT" 45 : 197-, 2021

34 Alexander, Thomas B., "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860–1877" 27 (27): 1961

35 Paskoff, Paul F., "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy" 54 (54): 2008

36 Merrill D. Peterson, "Lincoln in American Memory" Oxford University Press 1995

37 Jones, Jacqueline, "Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present" Basic Books 2010

38 Foner, Eric, "If Lincoln hadn't died ..." 58 (58): 2009

39 Chernow, Ron, "Grant" Penguin Press 2017

40 Smith, Jean Edward, "Grant" 2001

41 Eric Foner, "Freedom's lawmakers: a directory of Black officeholders during Reconstruction" 1993

42 Ellen DuBois, "Feminism and suffrage: The emergence of an independent women's movement in America" 1978

43 BONDAGE, "FREEDOM & THE CONSTITUTION: THE NEW SLAVERY SCHOLARSHIP AND ITS IMPACT ON LAW AND LEGAL HISTORIOGRAPHY: EMANCIPATION AND THE NEW CONCEPTION OF FREEDOM: BLACK SUFFRAGE AND THE REDEFINITION OF AMERICAN FREEDOM,1860-1870" 17 : 2153-,

44 Alexander Tsesis, "Enforcement of the Reconstruction Amendments" 78 : 849-, 2021

45 Alexander, Leslie, "Encyclopedia of African American History" ABC-CLIO 2010

46 Zachary S. Price, "Congress's Power over Military Offices" 99 : 491-, 2021

47 Lash, Jeffrey N., "Civil-War Irony-Confederate Commanders And The Destruction Of Southern Railways" 25 (25): 1993

48 David Herbert Donald, "Civil War and Reconstruction" W. W. Norton & Company 2001

49 Cimbala, "An uncommon time: the Civil War and the northern home front" 2002

50 McPherson, James M., "Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution" Oxford University Press 1992

51 McPherson, James M., "Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution" Oxford University Press 1992

52 Burton D. Wechsler, "ARTICLE:BLACK AND WHITE DISENFRANCHISEMENT: POPULISM, RACE, AND CLASS" 52 : 23-,

53 Forrest Conklin, "'Wiping Out' Andy" Johnson's Moccasin Tracks: The Canvass of Northern States By Southern Radicals, 1866" 52 (52): 1993