This study examined the transition and system of armors of Silla and Gaya and tried to explain how they are used in Silla and Gaya societies in order to understand ancient society at the time.
In chapter I, I reviewed the various researches that have been conducted in the past for the study of armor, and examined the research results, limitations, and problems. Then, I set up a direction to review the armor research by presenting my consciousness. The research themes that have been reviewed so far can be classified into 'transition and characteristics', 'appearance background and possession hierarchy', 'system and production site', and 'political and social character of armor'. This is because the accumulation of data has been made through excavations research. In particular, detailed analysis of the individual armor revealed the production technology at the time and became the basis for restoring the armor at that time. However, it is difficult to be understood that the researchers have considered the people who consumed the armor and the technicians who made it. This research trend has been mainly focused on studying the structure and production methods of the armor. In addition, there is a lack of understanding of social culture of the time. Therefore, new consciousness is needed.
Therefore, this study comprehensively encompasses the types and characteristics of armor, but it does not confine itself to the characteristics and technology of armor, but also examines the use of armor and armor production, distribution and acquisition background to reveal aspects of ancient society.
In chapter II, the changes of Silla and Gaya armor that have been confirmed in the remains so far are summarized. For this purpose, I examined the types and characteristics of Silla and Gaya armor, and examined important breakthroughs identified through the transition. The transition of Silla and Gaya armor can be divided into four phases based on the emergence of new type of armor. However, the emergence of the new armor and the extinction of the existing armor are important, but also the historical background that affected the situation was also considered.
In chapter III, I estimated the manufacturing process of the various armor of Silla and Gaya as discussed in chapter II, and examined the production system of that time. Particularly, there are big differences in the production technique and composition of the armor such as plate armor and lamellar armor for protecting the body. In the Silla and Gaya armor, I researched how these two armor were located in the production system and how it changed were specifically by dividing into technology and process.
Looking at the production techniques that have been studied so far, I think that four techniques can be summarized. It can be described as 'connection method', 'installation method', 'covering method', or 'decorative method'. All of these production techniques are related to the manufacturing process. The manufacturing process of armor is divided into three stages of product design, parts processing, and individual assembly, and there are corresponding technologies for each process.
Through the manufacturing process, I tried to estimate the production system. In this regard, one section examined the issues of 'mass production' and 'central and local production'.
In order to discuss 'mass production', it will be necessary to examine closely the relevant conditions rather than based on the increase in excavation. In this study, the 'social necessity of mass production' and 'standardization of design' shall be proved first as a sufficient condition of mass production. According to these conditions, 'social necessity of mass production' is difficult to be validated when considering the excavated aspect. It is larger than the ones originally excavated, but it is not overwhelming.
The second is 'standardization of design'. Considering the armor that was made from the 4th century, it is difficult to find armor made in the same form. Particularly, the vertiacal plate armors share the basic structure, but they do not have exactly the same form, but rather have their own characteristics in decoration. It is difficult to find the same form in the size of the lamella, although lamellar armors share the basic structure that small lamella were woven. Although it is a basic examination, it is difficult to say that standardization of armor has been done up to this period in the case of the comparison of the lamellar armors excavated from Okjeon Ancient Tomb. Next is the problem of central and local production. Not all armor would have been, but some armor would have been produced locally. The discussion on the local production of gold-plated goods and stables with limited possession (Lee Hyun Jeong et al, 2011) is also referred to. There are two reasons for the possibility that local production is feasible. First, there is no standardized form. Second, there is a difference in the technique of making armor between the central tomb and surrounding tombs.
As such, production and ownership have expanded, but it is judged that all armor is not produced locally, the types are limited. Armor with limited local production is the one requires special skills and high skill in Silla and Gaya armor. For example, Silla had gilt-bronze armor such as arm protector.
In chapter IV, I enlarged the scope of research into East Asia and examined the ancient Chinese and Japanese armor comparing Silla and Gaya, and examined the relationship between Silla and Gaya arms and the descent of the Japanese.
Although Silla and Gaya are understood that much of the armor manufacturing technology is accepted from the Chinese Central and north-east area and the Goguryeo region, but it seems to be localization rather than the one-sided technology acceptance due to technological development. In particular, the armor had been mentioned in the influence of the Goguryeo Namjung much, but it needs to be reevaluated in the production of heavy cavalry and lamellar armor. It does not underestimate the direct effect of the Goguryeo Namjang unconditionally, but it is better to see that the production technology of Silla and Gaya is developed according to the situation, rather than the introduction of new armor or tactics as mentioned in the previous article.
Next, I looked at the relationship between Silla and Gaya armor. Some authors say that Gaya armor has had a great impact on the production of Silla armor (Shin Gyeong Cheol 2000, Lee Hyun Joo 2010). These claims are actually misinterpreted due to lack of data at the time, and it is difficult to say that one side has unilaterally spread technology even when it is compared with China and Goguryeo armor.
Finally, it is a problem of the Japanese descent in Silla and Gaya armor. In Chapter II, I explained the characteristics of the Dageum style armor as a Japanese armor and explained its characteristics. In this chapter, I presented the grounds. In addition, I have reviewed the system of lamellar armor with Ω - type wave which is attracting attention recently in the study of the lamellar armor. Some of the armor have been reevaluated as Japanese style, but some are not. Unlike what was known in the old days, it isunderstood that the armor with Ω type cross-section and two rows were raised under the influence of Silla and Gaya, rather than the original punches of why. In this regard, a close comparative analysis of the excavated armor in Japan, which had been studied in the past, is needed to be made in the future.
In Chapter V, I looked at the background of the metal armor in Silla and Gaya and the class of possession. In this chapter, I examined the influence of the appearance of the metal armor on Silla and Gaya society and examined how the ruling class perceived it. In chapter VI, it became a basis to examine the political and social character of armor.
First of all, there are technological and social reasons behind the emergence. In this period, the social tensions continued with the ongoing war, and it can be expected that the introduction of new technology and the input of technicians through competition between equal political parties. On the contrary, this period also showed a change in tactical aspects and there was a need to protect the ruling class more safely as a more systematic command system was made. Therefore, it can be possible to the material was changed from the organic material to the harder metal. In other words, we can consider the social background in which the stratification is differentiated from the more horizontal structure than the existing society.
However, if the armor changes its material into metal, it will lead to a big change in the existing production system. In other words, it is not so easy to abandon long-time skills and habits that an accrediting technician has to adapt to a new environment. It is also possible to consider that they had not acquired new technology unless there is a situation in which technological change must be made because of efforts and time to acquire new technology.
The group who owned the armor during this period reviewed its character through the burial aspect. This shows the difference in the manner in which the Silla and Gaya class has luxury items. As can be seen from the above, the armor can be divided into the holding type and installation type. For example, it can be said that a gilt-bronze armor is a major holding type luxury item.
In Silla, there is more gilt-bronze armor than Gaya, arm protector is the typical gilt-bronze armor. However, these are excavated mainly from the central large wood coffin covered with pebbles mound. Therefore, it can be said that the center of Silla favored the gilt-bronze armor as the holding type luxury item. On the contrary, the large-sized coffins of the province are in charge of the installation style items, which are steel armor rather than the holding ones, so that the gap can be estimated.
Gaya can be said to have preferred to installation style luxury item in the case of a gilt-bronze armor. However, Gaya is not preferring only the installation type. There are many cases of multiple bury than Silla in Kaya. In particular, there are many cases where the Japanese armor is placed in the outskirts, so the possibility that can arise the Japanese armor would have preferred by high-class people in Gaya.
In Chapter VI, I tried to examine aspects of the Silla and Gaya societies through various objects of armor used in various forms of Silla and Gaya.
In the first place, I examined the character of Silla and Gaya armor through the use of armor. The character of armor can be divided into ‘luxury item’ 'ritual', and 'foreign negotiation and exchange'. First of all, the major difference between Silla and Gaya in relation to the luxury items is that Silla is usually made of arm protector, but Kaya is made of helmet. Unlike Gaya, Silla seems to have attempted to form a system by making a arm protector, which is a gilt-bronze armor. In this regard, it is referred that gilt-bronze items of silla is standarzied as it can estamate the clothing system in Silla. Lee Hee Joon has examined social aspects such as costume beyond the political viewpoint by considering Shilla's gilt-bronze items as a luxury item that the central region has distributed (Lee Hee Joon, 2002). I see it is possible that the arm protector is also made as part of this costume system.
Next, concrete examples of rituals using armor are the decoration of vertical plate armor and excavated small lamella:
First, the vertical plate armor was decorated with bird shapes or with bristles. This behavior is derived from the tradition of sacred birds and is regarded as decorated in armor (Oh Kwang Seop 2004). In addition, volute patterns are also decorated. These pattern are patterns symbolizing the sun, and it is suggested that the vertical plate armor was used in the ceremony such as wall sacrifice faith or praying ceremony such as the ceremony of passage, praying for the martyrs, and sanctifying the drawn pattern as the sun. (Song Jeong Sik, 2012)
There are three kinds of backgrounds in which the small lamella is placed on the limbs such as Hwangryongsaji. It seems to be most meaningful, such as the origin of national security, the nature of diagnosis and offering, This aspect is also confirmed in the period of the Japanese Nara period, and it is highly likely that this consciousness was transmitted along with the Buddhism at that time.
Finally, I tried to examine the relationship between Silla and Gaya and Japan at that time through the armor through foreign negotiations and exchanges. Especially, Silla seems to be an important archaeological example showing the necessity of reexamining the relationship between Silla and Silla, which had been understood as an enemy each other in the literature, through the gilt-bronze armor and daegeum style armor found in the Japan,
In addition, we examined the production and distribution process of Silla and Gaya armor and the acquisition and distribution process of Japanese armor consideration of this character to consider the Silla and Gaya society at that time. Among these, Gaya has been considered as a typical example of the Geumgwan Gaya and Daegaya.
The distribution of armor of Silla expanded from the late 4th century when it grew externally, to a larger extent than before. However, in the production and distribution of armor in Silla, differentiation was made in the type and quality of armor possessed according to the class and thus the character of the luxury item was strengthened. If the significance of holding or quantitative meaning was more important than the qualitative value of armor in the past, this period was differentiated in kind or quality.
In the 4th century, it is hard to see that the armor such as the vertical plate armor was distributed into sub - group from the upper group in the situation where there is the multiplicity production site of the armor (Daeseongdong tomb and Bokcheondong tomb). In order to maintain the system of distribution, it is necessary to have constantity. It is difficult to grasp any formality in the above mentioned tomb. It is difficult to see that the circulation pattern of armor is the same as the distribution system of gilt-bronze items.
Daegaya is divided into four classes according to the pattern of the armor seen in the tomb. In such a situation, the armor with the character of luxury item through distribution is a decorative helmet such as vertical plate helmet and lamellar helmet. It is presumed that in the latter half of the 5th century growing into the territory of the country, the armor was entered into the system of the distribution. In this regard, the decorative helmet shows this system.
Next, I examined the availability and distribution of the Japanese armor excavated in Silla and Gaya. In Gyeongju area, which is the center of Shilla, there is no case in which a Japanese armor has been identified so far. That is the difference between Gaya, where Japanese armor was excavated in the central tombs. Japanese armor was not identified in the central area of Baekje such as Gongju and Buyeo, but was identified in Chungcheong area and Seonam Coast, which is similar with Silla. Recently identified Geumbugye armor is varied type of Daegeum style armor, as it is found from surrounding area of Seoul, which is central area of Japan Kingdom, it can be understood as it is from direct exchange between Silla and Japan.
Gaya seems to have different uses through excavation aspects of small to medium tombs and large tombs. For example, it was actually used as a Japanese armor excavated from small tombs such as Gadal, Jukgok, and Dugok Ancient Tombs, and it was obtained through negotiations with regional forces in Japan. On the other hand, Baekje was able to negotiate with the people with relation with Japanese kingdom to obtain a Japanese armor. The biggest difference is whether the buried person was is Japanese.

• Ⅰ. 연구사 검토와 연구 과제 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 1
• 2. 연구사 검토와 연구 과제 3
• 3. 연구방법 20
• Ⅱ. 신라 가야 갑주의 분류와 변천 24
• 1. 신라 가야 갑주의 분류 24
• 2. 신라 가야 갑주의 종류와 변천 35
• Ⅲ. 신라 가야 갑주의 기술과 제작공정 86
• 1. 신라 가야 갑주의 제작기술 86
• 2. 신라 가야 갑주의 제작공정 99
• 3. 신라 가야 갑주의 생산체계 101
• Ⅳ. 신라 가야 갑주의 계통 106
• 1. 동북아시아 자료 비교로 본 신라 가야 갑주의 계통 106
• 2. 신라 가야 출토 대금식 갑주의 계통 120
• 3. 고대 한일 찰갑 계통의 재검토 - Ω형 요찰의 계통 재검토 122
• 4. 소결 125
• Ⅴ. 신라 가야 금속제 갑주의 제작 배경과 소유 계층 127
• 1. 신라 가야 금속제 갑주의 제작 배경 128
• 2. 신라 가야 갑주의 소유 계층과 의미 133
• Ⅵ. 갑주로 본 신라 가야 사회 140
• 1. 신라 가야 갑주의 성격 140
• 2. 갑주로 본 신라 가야 사회 144
• Ⅶ. 맺음말 182
• 參考文獻 191
• Abstract 204

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29 부산대학교박물관, "「東萊福泉洞古墳群第3次調査慨報」", 『嶺南考古學』7, 1990

30 콜린 렌프루, 폴 반, "이희준 옮김,『현대 고고학의 이해』", 사회평론, 2006

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32 티모시 얼, "김경택 옮김,『족장사회의 정치권력』", 도서출판 고고, 2008

33 마이클 만, 존 홀, "김희숙 옮김, 『사라진 권력 살아날 권력』", 생각의 길, 2014

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35 田中晋作, "「고분시대 무기조성의 변화와 한반도 정세」", 제16회 가야사국제학술회의,『대성동고분군과 동아세아』, 2010

36 吳光燮, 金美道梨, 金東阮, "「김해 양동리 321호묘 출토 갑옷의 보존처리」", 『박물관 보존과학』6, 2005

37 橋本達也, "「甲胄からみた蓮山洞古墳群と倭王權の交涉」", 『友情의考古 學』, 2015

38 鈴木一有, "「청주 신봉동고분군의 철기에 보이는 피장자 집단」", 『청주 신 봉동 백제고분군 발굴30주년 기념 국제학술회의』, 2012

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40 申敬澈, "「金海 大成洞 福泉洞 古墳群 點描 - 金官加耶 이해의 一端」", 釜山大學校史學會, 『釜大史學』19, 1995