A plain roof-tile refers to a set of convex and concave roof-tiles, or the most basic unit among a variety of roofing tiles on top of a building. Plain roof-tiles are usually manufactured in bulk and thus are one of the most common relics found during the excavations. In particular, they serve as variable archeological specimens that indicate the characteristics, use periods and users of wooden buildings.
In the pre-modern era, wooden buildings built with plain roof-tiles were usually occupied and owned by those in higher classes politically, socially and religiously. Therefore, a proper understanding of the transition process of plain roof-tiles during the period between the Three Kingdom and the Koryeo Dynasty is equivalent to grasping cultural transitions and historical implications applicable to the Gyeongnam region during the same period. For this, an analysis on the properties that reveal the characteristics of plain roof-tiles and the transition process and a basic research into chronological records will be a prerequisite.
Although there have been recapitulative researches into plain roof-tiles during the period between the Three Kingdom and the Koryeo Dynasty, not many studies have been conducted to find out the transition process of plain roof-tiles specifically in The Gyeongnam region in details. This broad-brush approach to understanding plain roof-tiles in different periods of time is not enough to get a proper understanding of the transition process of plain roof-tiles in The Gyeongnam region. That is, in consideration of the difference in the introduction of technology and the transition of manufacturing techniques in central and surrounding areas in pre-modern society, one will find it inappropriate to apply, as a mere formality, the transition process of plain roof-tiles in other region to that in Gyeongnam.
Against this backdrop, this paper aims to classify and analyze a variety of properties of plain roof-tiles excavated in The Gyeongnam region as relics of the period between the Three Kingdom and the Koryeo Dynasty, including their patterns, design and manufacturing techniques and to look into how the composition relationship among various properties changed over time, through which to identify the locality and universality implied by the transition of plain roof-tiles in The Gyeongnam region during the period between the Three Kingdom and the Koryeo Dynasty and further to draw historical implications of this phenomenon and transition.
There are 37 ancient ruins in The Gyeongnam region where plain roof-tiles, the target of this study, were excavated with the areas of the ruins be classified into mountain fortress remain, architecture remain, kiln and others.
A kiln, in particular, is a key relic that indicates the manufacturing period of plain roof-tiles based on its structure, relics excavated together with plain roof-tiles and through the paleomagnetic dating. Therefore, the analysis of plain roof-tiles has been focused on the relics that contain kiln remains.
The properties of plain roof-tiles include manufacturing techniques, patterns and shapes. The manufacturing techniques consist of the size and direction of ‘Tanalpan’ (manufacturing device used to strike the exterior of plain roof-tiles), ‘Watong’ (mold to produce plain roof-tiles), side-division (technique that divides the sides of plain roof-tiles), end-adjustment (refining the corners of plain roof tiles), and ‘Sajeolheun’ (remains of cutting clay using a thread).
The patterns of plain roof-tiles are comprised of the composition of patterns and unit patterns, which feature a variety of composition relationship depending on the period and region. The shapes of plain roof-tiles are made up with the length, width and the cross-sectional shape with convex roofing tile.
The analysis of composition relationships among properties has allowed me to identify the time and regional aspects, which in turn enabled me to set the forms. The forms of plain roof-tiles in The Gyeongnam region can be defined separately in three different periods of the three Kingdoms period, Unified Silla period, the Koryo Dynasty period. Three different forms can be set in the three Kingdoms period,, followed by six forms in the Unified Silla period and 12 forms in the Koryo Dynasty period. Various forms set in this manner can be classified into several categories in different stages. Different stages have been set based on changes in Tanalpan, pattern properties, lateral division and length that are differentiated by the transitional epoch of plain roof-tiles.
Further, we can look into the implications of plain roof-tiles in different stages in consideration of their characteristics and chronological records. The time-based stages of plain roof-tiles in The Gyeongnam region during the period between the Three Kingdom and the Koryeo Dynasty can be classified into eight categories in total.
Stage 1 is the period estimated to be between year 624 and 660 when plain roof-tiles with a strong influence of Baekje were manufactured.
Stage 2 is the period immediately after Shilla unified the three Kingdoms when plain roof-tiles were mainly used to build mountain fortresses in different parts of the Gyeongnam region, which is estimated to be between the late 7th century and the mid-8th century. Plain roof-tiles during the period of Stage 1 and 2 are most distinctly characterized by the use of ‘Danpan Tanalpan’ (short Tanal strike tool).
Stage 3 is the period where the plain roof-tiles of the Unified Silla period were manufactured and are characterized by a transition to ‘Jungpan Tanalpan’ (intermediate-long Tanal tool) while inheriting the tradition of Stage 2. This is estimated to be between the mid-8th century and the mid-9th century.
Stage 4-1 is characterized by a noticeable expansion in characteristics and scope of relics excavated and the use of Jungpan Tanalpan and is estimated to be between the mid-9th century and the late 10th century.
Stage 4-2 is the period that saw the advent of plain roof-tiles manufactured using ‘Jangpan Tanalpan’ (long Tanal tool), which was an Epoch-Making Change in production of plain roof-tiles. With a partial overlap with the previous Jungpan Tanal stage 4-1, this is a transitional period that shifted from Jungpan to Jangpan. This period is estimated to be between the early 10th century and the late 10th century.
Stage 5 is the period when plain roof-tiles were manufacturing using Jangpan Tanalpan only while Jungpan-Tanalpan was no longer available. The plain roof-tiles featured a strong national identity of Koryo. This period is estimated to be the 11th century.
The plain roof-tiles in Stage 6 got longer than those in Stage 5 along with change in patterns as well. A clear difference is found in lower section-adjustment (finishing up the bottom corners of plain roof-tiles). This period is estimated to be the 12th century. During the Stage 7 period, plain roof-tiles with three different patterns arranged with one another were mostly manufactured. The plain roof-tiles at the time also lengthened compared to those in previous period. This period is estimated to be the 13th century.
Stage 8 saw the demise of most forms in previous periods with patterns simplified. This period, which is estimated to be the 14th century, saw a decrease in the number of relics excavated. The transition of plain roof-tiles in The Gyeongnam region and its implications can be subdivided into four different periods characterized by four Epoch-Making Changes with the transition of Tanalpan serving as the basis for change. Meanwhile, it is possible to set a number of smaller but significant changes through detailed transitions of manufacturing system of plain roof-tiles, manufacturing techniques and patterns. This is how we are able to examine the transition of region plain roof-tiles and the relevant implications. The first Epoch-Making Change can be further subdivided into subsidiary transitional epochs 1-1 and 1-2. The plain roof-tiles in transitional epoch 1-1 feature a strong influence of Baekje. These plain roof-tiles are recognized the first plain roof-tiles manufactured in The Gyeongnam region and indicate that Baekje occupied a part of The Gyeongnam region. This period is estimated to be between 624 and 660. In transitional epoch 1-2, Silla introduced plain roof-tiles to the Gyeongnam region right after it unified the three Kingdoms. This period is estimated to be between the late 7th century and the mid-8th century. The second Epoch-Making Change featured a transition of manufacturing tools for plain roof-tiles from Danpan Tanalpan to Jungpan Tanalpan. The plain roof-tiles at this period feature production efficiency with the use of Jungpan Tanalpan and the inheritance of tradition in preceding periods. Along with it, new patterns appeared while previous techniques in lateral division disappeared.
The most noticeable characteristic during the second Epoch-Making Change period is a rigorous standardization in production of plain roof-tiles, which reflects stringent regulations on and systematic management of handicraft manufacturing industry by the Unified Silla. This period is estimated to be between the mid-8th century and the mid-9th century. The third Epoch-Making Change is a transitional period that saw the use of both Jungpan Tanalpan and Jangpan Tanalpan at the same time.
This period can be further subdivided into smaller but significant changes 3-1 and 3-2. The transitional epoch 3-1 inherited the tradition in preceding periods in terms of use and specification of Jungpan Tanalpan, lateral-division, and the end-adjustment. However, this period saw the advent of new patterns. The transitional epoch 3-1 also saw a sharp rise in the number of relics excavated, especially the explosive big-bang increase of Buddhist temples, which reflects the establishment of regional societies of the Unified Silla. This period is estimated to be between the mid-9th century and the late 10th century.
The transitional epoch 3-2 is the most distinctly characterized by the advent of Jangpan Tanalpan and the use of ‘Myeongmunwa’ of the name of an era reign name (plain roof-tiles with characters engraved in them). This is a transitional period from the use of Jungpan Tanal plain roof-tiles and to Jangpan Tanal plain roof-tiles. This period is estimated to be between the early 10th century and the late 10th century.
The fourth Epoch-Making Change saw a production of Jangpan Tanal plain roof-tiles only following the transitional period when both Jungpan Tanal plain roof-tiles and Jangpan Tanalpan roof-tiles were used in combination. Therefore, this period is the most distinctly characterized by the use of Jangpan Tanalpan. The fourth Epoch-Making Change can be subdivided into three smaller but significant changes from transitional epoch 4-1 through 4-3.
The transitional epoch 4-1 features the use of plain roof-tiles with mixed patterns that combined two different patterns along with Jangpan Tanalpan. This period also features a massive production and use of plain roof-tiles in line with the frequent occurrence of Buddhism events and institutional stability of Koryo Dynasty. This period is estimated to be the 11th century.
The transitional epoch 4-2 saw an advent of plain roof-tiles with mixed patterns that combined three different patterns. The plain roof-tiles also lengthen, which is presumed to have to do with change in building structures of the Koryo Dynasty This period is estimated to be between 12th and 13th century.
The transitional epoch 4-3 saw the demise of most mixed patterns and the transition into much simplified stand-alone patterns. All convex roof-tiles were switched from ‘Tosu roof-tiles’ (convex roof-tiles that resembles arm warmers) to ‘Migu roof-tiles’ (convex roof-tiles with raised spot). Most roof-tiles were also long and large. The efficiency of manufacturing plain roof-tiles was elevated but a sharp decline in excavated relics and simplified patterns on roof-tiles seem to reflect the social depressions associated with the Mongolian invasion and Yuan intervention at the time. This period is estimated to be the early 14th century.

• Ⅰ. 서 론 1
• Ⅱ. 평기와 출토유적 4
• Ⅲ. 형식설정 32
• 1. 속성의 분석 32
• 2. 속성의 조합관계 59
• 3. 형식설정 78
• Ⅳ. 단계설정 및 편년 91
• Ⅴ. 경남지역 평기와의 변천과 의미 99
• Ⅵ. 결 론 106
• 참고문헌 109