This study puts its objective in understanding the operating principle of the land system in Koryo period by the distribution according to ‘Jikyeok(職役)’, the working labor and observing what principle was applied to the land distribution. As a result, it is confirmed that the land system in Koryo period was operated by the principle of ‘Ipphochungyeok(立戶充役)’. Consideration process was taken as follows until the conclusion was reached.
In chapter Ⅰ, analysis framework for the study was presented through the examination of the research history. The point in question of the land system in Koryo period understood by the examination of the research history is as follows. Firstly, is the logic of “Conflict of the proprietorship[所有權] and the right to levy[收租權]” deduced from overcoming the theory of making the land as the State property in the 1960's still effective? Secondly, is the theory of “the right to levy[收租權]” and “the right to exempt[免租權]” confrontational concept? Thirdly, how should the combination of ‘the land system[田制]’ and ‘the labor system[役制]’ be understood? Fourthly, what are the components and the principle of formation of ‘Jungho(丁戶)’ understood as was in charge of ‘Jikyeok(職役)’. Fifthly, how should the range of ‘Jikyeok’ be understood?
Analysis framework of the study on the operating theory of the land system based on the discussion point deduced by the examination of the research history is presented as follows.
‘Cheonsigwa(田柴科)’system which is the backbone of the land system in Koryo period was operated as the national land distribution system. The country organized all the lands and people throughout the nation as the subject of receipt, and products and labor force collected from these were supplied for the country's sake. National finances arranged through this system were managed by being allocated to the Jaejungwon(財政源), the Department of Finance; corresponding to the disbursement use.
Accordingly, the land was also distributed to those in charge of various ‘Jikyeok’. It can be said that the principle of distribution in the country's finances was applied to the principle of the land distribution. With this, the nation could understand and manage the land and the people throughout the country. Thus, ‘Jikyeok’ seems to play a role as crucial criteria in distributing the land.
The specific subject of the land distributing was not only ‘Yangban(兩班)’the authoritarian officials, but also the whole ‘Jikyeok’ such as the ‘Gunin(軍人)’ the soldiers and ‘Hyangri(鄕吏)’ etc. In the national land distribution system's perspective; it can be said that ‘Cheonsi(田柴)’ was allocated to both ‘Yangban’ the authoritarian officials, ‘Gunin’ and ‘Hyangri’ under the subject of ‘Jikyeok’ to the country. If so, it is understandable that labor conducted by ‘Yangban’ the authoritarian officials, ‘Gunin’ and ‘Hyangri’ is contained in the nation's ‘working labor’ structure and accordingly, there is no ground that it should be divided. It can be confirmed as the fact that in the historical documents, Yangban, Gunin, and Hyangri is presented as the subject of Cheonsi allocation, they are considered as ‘Jikyeok-ja(職役者)’. Therefore, it can be understood that ‘Yangban’the authoritarian official and ‘Kookyeok(國役)’the public servant such as ‘Gunin’, ‘Hyangri’ as the ‘Jikyeok’ the working labor; and ‘Cheonsi(田柴)’ that is distributed to them as ‘Jikyeokjeon(職役田)’.
Based on these facts, this study sees the basic structure of the land system in Koryo period as follows. The country allocated the farmer who cultivates his own land and the relevant land as certain unit and distributed to the ‘Jikyeok’ in grades. ‘Jikyeok-ja’ the person who is in the ‘Jikyeok’ grade controls ‘Jeonjeong(田丁)’ of ‘Jokjeon(足丁)’ and ‘Banjeong(半足丁)’which are divided by the relevant ‘Jikyeok’ and ‘Jikyeok-ja’ engaged in the governing work or ‘Gunyeok(軍役)’ the military work. What should be pointed out here is that what was the entrusted control like that is obtained as a price for ‘Jikyeok’ this study stipulated the specifics of the entrusted control as ‘the right to levy’ since we understand ‘the tax to be exempted’ as one of the ‘tax to be levied’ methods that is being entrusted with ‘tax’ of the national receipt. The country distributed the land and the people-the subject of receipt, as the ‘responsibility holder of Jikyeok’ and saw the ‘Jikyeok-ja’ as entrusted with the ‘right to levy’.
In chapter Ⅱ, the actual condition of ‘Jikyeok-jeon(職役田)’ is presented through how the ‘Cheonsigwa(田柴科)’ system has been created. It can be said that the process from ‘Yeokbun-jeon(役分田)’ to establishing ‘Cheonsigwa system’ is to understandthe land and the people as the subject of the national receipt. During these processes, the combination of the ‘Jeonjeong’ and ‘Jikyeok’ was created and the relations between the country and ‘the subject of Jikyeok’ was formed.
In chapter Ⅲ, the concrete conditions for the representative type of ‘Jikyeok-jeon(職役田)’ such as ‘Yangban-jeon(兩班田)’, ‘Gunin-jeon(軍人田)’, and ‘Hyangri-jeon(鄕吏田)’ were studied. In the existing studies, ‘Yangban-jeon’ was understood as ‘Jik-jeon(職田)’and treated differently compared to ‘Gunin-jeon’ and ‘Hyangri-jeon’ etc.; but this study considered ‘Yangban’ same as ‘Gunin’ and ‘Hyangri’ and made an argument accordingly. This is because the ‘Cheonsigwa’ is distributed to all the ‘Jikyeok’ ; thus there is no need to see ‘Yangban-jeon’ and ‘Gunin-jeon’ as the different types of land. Since ‘Yangban-jeon’ was confirmed as the land that is distributed according to the ‘Yangban’,the distributed type was presented through the analysis of the two families. In this process, the fact that ‘Yangban-jeon’ was allied through the ‘Gwageo system[科擧制]’ and ‘Eumseo system[蔭敍制]’can be understood by the development of distributing ‘Cheonsigwa’ of the subject family for the analysis. And the distribution size and the amount of military money in ‘Gunin-jeon’ have been estimated. And the distribution process of ‘Hyangri-jeon’ was studied by how the ‘Hyangri’ stands.
In chapter Ⅳ, the structure of the ‘Jikyeok-jeon’ distribution was presented on the basis of the study results in the chapter Ⅲ. ‘Jikyeok-jeon’ that is obtained through the maintaining process of ‘Cheonsigwa system[田柴科制度]’ was distributed as the principle of ‘Ipphochungyeok(立戶充役)’. This means that supplying ‘Yeok(役)’ the labor by stabilizing ‘Ho(戶)’ the family. The unit that took responsibility for ‘Jikyeok’ was ‘Ho’. The ‘Ho’ unit of ‘Yangban-ho(兩班戶)’, ‘Gun-ho(軍戶)’, and ‘Hyangri-ho(鄕吏戶)’ took the responsibility of the relevant ‘Jikyeok’. ‘Jikyeok-jeon’ was distributed as the price for the ‘Jikyeok’ that the ‘Ho’ took the responsibility. ‘Responsibility holder of Jikyeok’ namely, the components for the ‘Jikyeok-ho(職役戶)’ was ‘Jeong-ho(丁戶)’, the ‘Jikyeok-ja(職役者)’ and ‘Baekjeong(白丁)’, ‘Jangheuik(臧獲)’, ‘Jokryu(族類)’, ‘Inbo(隣保)’, and ‘Yang-ho(養戶)’ etc. These are formed as the national ‘Jikyeok system’ by consisting ‘Jeong-ho’ along with the land. Therefore, the subject of distribution of ‘Jikyeok-jeon’ was not the personal ‘Jikyeok-ja’, but the ‘Jikyeok-ho’ the family unit. Likewise, the distribution scale is different as what ‘Jikyeok’ the ‘Jikyeok-ho’ manages. So this is what the ‘distribution as the department’ seen in the preface of ‘Koryo History(高麗史)’, ‘Sikhwaji(食貨志)’ and ‘Geonje(田制)’ means; the scale of the ‘Jikyeok-jeon’ that is distributed according to the ‘Jikyeok’ was established through 100 year-maintenance of the ‘Cheonsi-gwa’.
In chapter Ⅴ, the development of ‘Jikyeok-jeon(田柴科)’ was studied. The opportunity that the ‘Jikyeok-jeon’ in the late Koryo was re-established could be found in the occurrence of “the farm[農莊]”'s expansion and ‘Conflicts over the land’ in the late Koryo. Through this process, ‘responsibility holder of Jikyeok’ was being branched out, and as response to it, the country press ahead with ‘Hwanbonju(還本主)’ system. Finally, ‘Jikyeok-jeon’ couldn't avoid the re-establishment due to the formation of ‘Gwajeon Act[科田法]’ system. This is in the same line of ‘Jikyeok system’s changing to ‘Shinyeok(身役)’ system; historical trends that the division of the land and ‘Jikyeok’ during a course from the late Koryo to the early Chosun.

• 목차 = ⅰ
• Ⅰ. 緖論 = 1
• 1. 硏究史 檢討 = 1
• 2. 硏究 方法 및 內容 = 8
• Ⅱ. 田柴科體制의 形成과 職役田 = 14
• 1. 役分田의 設定 = 14
• 2. 田丁과 職役의 結合 = 26
• 3. 田柴科體制의 整備過程과 職役田의 分給對象 = 35
• Ⅲ. 職役의 差定과 職役田 = 48
• 1. 兩班官職과 兩班田 = 48
• 1) 兩班官職에 따른 職田의 分給 = 48
• 2) 兩班田의 分給形態 = 62
• 2. 軍役의 差定과 軍人田 = 81
• 1) 軍役의 差定과 軍丁連立 = 81
• 2) 軍人田의 分給規模와 軍額 = 90
• 3. 鄕吏의 存在樣相와 鄕吏田 = 105
• Ⅳ. 職役田 分給의 構造 = 118
• 1. 職役田의 分給原則 = 118
• 2. 職役戶의 構成要素 = 128
• 3. 職役田의 經營形態 = 136
• 4. 職役田의 分給節次 = 146
• Ⅴ. 農莊의 擴大와 職役田의 推移 = 153
• 1. 農莊의 擴大와 田民의 離脫 = 153
• 1) 農莊의 存在形態 = 153
• 2) 農莊 類型別 田民離脫 樣相 = 166
• (1) 奪占型 農莊 = 166
• (2) 開墾·買得型 農莊 = 173
• 2. '還本主' 政策의 施行과 職役田의 推移 = 182
• Ⅵ. 結論 = 205
• 參考文獻 = 218
• ABSTRACT