Tamna is divided into the former and latter parts based on the verification of Gonae-ri style pottery that follows Gwakji-ri style pottery. Until now, chronology of the latter part of Tamna depended on the chronology of external relics due to the abse...
Tamna is divided into the former and latter parts based on the verification of Gonae-ri style pottery that follows Gwakji-ri style pottery. Until now, chronology of the latter part of Tamna depended on the chronology of external relics due to the absence of its record or weak archaeological data, but this data increased explosively since 2013. Therefore, the material culture of the latter part of Tamna needs to be reestablished at this point.
Remains from the latter part of Tamna are mostly distributed near streams where it is easy to obtain drinking water, or near the shoreline where spring water flows out. Based on the distribution of relics, the area can be divided into 5 zones. It is verified through this that the center of Tamna at the time was the northern part of Jeju Island, focusing on the northwestern and northern areas.
Constructional remains of the latter part of Tamna is confirmed in dwelling and pits. Number of dwellings is low, and pits are overlapped. Dwelling is divided into 3 types, where it gradually rises above ground from pit-type dwelling.
Deep bowls can be divided into 3 types (I, II, III) based on the temporal variation of earthenware. Such changes were considered the influence of new pottery technique known as the introduction of pottery production method. Also, the time was divided into and examined in 3 parts based on the changes in dwelling, along with changes in earthenware.
Part I is from the early 6th century A.D. to mid-7th century, when Baekje was expanding its influence in the southwestern part of Korea. Because of this, it is when the material culture in the latter part of Tamna grows. As Baekje’s influence picked up, the latter part of Tamna seems to have experienced a new social change. Relics are found in the northwestern and southwestern parts of Jeju Island, and pit-type circular dwellings were found. Among the relics of Sangmo-ri in the southwestern area, many dug pits were discovered, and it is assumed that it is the production place of earthenware ingredient of the southeastern area. Earthenware get narrower in their mouth from the existing method where the mouth opened outward. Due to the introduction of new pottery technique, changes occurred in the tradition of pottery with an outward mouth. Also, hard grayish blue pottery, forged iron spearhead, and iron axe are accompanied.
Part II is from the end of 7th century to mid-8th century, when Baekje collapses and Unified Silla appears. Different civilization was introduced to Tamna through Unified Silla’s direct domination method. Accordingly, material culture spreads significantly in the latter half of Tamna. Remains are found throughout Jeju Island along the coastal line, and pit-type round square dwellings are found. In relics made in Gonae-ri, many potteries accompanying soil, calcined, and discarded pits were found. Pottery starts to take the form of deep bowl, and the types are diversified. Deep bowls spread throughout Jeju Island, and many potteries with stamped design are accompanied.
Part III is from the end of 8th century to early 10th century, when it is still under the influence of Unified Silla. Remains are discovered in the northwestern, northern, and northeastern parts of Jeju Island, and dwellings are ground-based circle dwelling. Deep bowls are decreasing in their types during this time. The mouth is inward or in and shortly outward, and the diameter of mouth gets smaller than the diameter of foot. Accompanying relics are mostly storage potteries such as pieces of large pots and pattern-less long bodied bottle. Also, remains of ancestral rites with damaged pottery and high-class relics are formed in Yongdam-dong and Gwideok-ri, implying that ritualistic actions took place at the time. There must’ve been an influence that would perform such ancestral rites. After, the latter part of Tamna is not associated from the layer where the early stage of Korean tea bowls with halo-shaped foot ring was found, and it is considered to become extinct at the latest by the 10th century.
In summary, Tamna seems to have accepted the outside culture, while maintaining the individual cultures that continued from the former part of Tamna. However, the only firm example of the cultural introduction is the change of pottery technique. Other material cultures were introduced, but it is difficult to know whether it leads to changes in culture. However, it is only known which area or political body each period of Tamna is related to.
Tamna was related to the south coast of korean peninsula influence from before. Meanwhile, expansion of Baekje established a subordinate relationship, and after receiving public office from Baekje, it became a tributary relationship. After Baekje collapsed, it was subjugated to Unified Silla, and massive introduction of culture takes place. In terms of the friendly relationship with Japan, domestic and foreign relationships were discovered from the areas of south coast-Daema Island-Iki Island, and all the way to the northern part of Kyushu.
At the end of the latter part of Tamna, Goryeo appeared and exercised influence in the Korean peninsula. Simplification and extinction of Tamna’s material culture took place due to the appearance of a new unified country. As the outside culture, such as the import of porcelain from Yuezhou kilns in China, replaced inside culture, the culture of latter part of Tamna gradually dissipated.