Mongolia is the only country that conquered both Russia and China, and was been conquered by both of them. This peculiarity of Mongolian history has been conditioned on its geographical location. Since Mongolia declared its independence in 1911, it has been a landlocked country surrounded by two giant neighbors. The modern history of Mongolia is nothing but the history of struggle to gain sovereignty and territoriality from its neighbors. This geopolitical destiny of Mongolia has had a great influence not only on the whole process of its modernization and nation-building, but also on the contemporary process of system transition and the establishment of new statehood.
Between the two, especially Russia had entirely defined the characteristics of the modern Mongolian nation-state since it has been deeply involved in the process of Mongolian independence starting from the Qing Empire era. Its modernization was under the absolute influence of Soviet Russia. In contrast, the essence of Mongolian system transition starting in the 1990s was de-sovietization and liberation from Russia. But although the changes occurring in both centuries have proceeded in opposite directions, still to this day Russia is very relevant and a problematic keyword in Mongolia’s future.
Of course, after Mongolia’s system change the influence of Russia has been drastically reduced. For example, in 1989 the portion of Russia in Mongolian foreign trade was almost 80%, but in 2017 it was only 11.1%. In contrast, according to one public opinion poll of “who is Mongolia’s best partner,” Russia was ranked first for the last three years consecutively. What caused such a dramatic difference between the economic index and mass recognition? This article starts from this problem and tries to interpret the meaning of the difference by the studies of the relational history between them. For this purpose, it examines the role of Russia in the whole history of Mongolian modernization, sovietization and de-sovietization, and based on the result, tries to interpret the meaning of the above-mentioned difference and the Russian factor in the future development of Mongolia.

• I. 서론
• II. 최초의 조우: ‘몽골-타타르의 멍에’와 범몽골주의의 공포
• III. 근대 몽골국의 독립과 러시아의 역할
• IV. 몽골 주권의 국제적 인정과 러시아의 전략
• V. 사회주의 몽골의 소비에트화: ‘아시아의 작은 소련’
• VI. 몽골의 체제전환과 러시아 요소
• VII. 결론: 21세기 몽골의 미래와 러시아
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

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